Clinic Wolverine

SECTION // 07 — SOURCE INDEX

BPC-157 TB-500 References and Regulatory Sources

Every quantitative claim across this BPC-157 TB-500 digest resolves to an entry below. Peer-reviewed studies and reviews carry DOIs and PubMed links; regulatory facts cite FDA pages.

Back to the research recordRegulatory and access status

How to read this list

This is the full reference list for the BPC-157 TB-500 digest. Entries 1 through 8 are the peer-reviewed studies and recent reviews behind the mechanism, efficacy, and evidence pages. Entry 9 anchors the dose-context, half-life, WADA, and human-data summaries. Entries 10 through 13 are the FDA regulatory sources behind the legal-status page.

The two constituents carry their own identifiers, logged here for the record: BPC-157 (GEPPPGKPADDAGLV, C62H98N16O22, MW ~1419.5 Da, CAS 137525-51-0, PubChem CID 108101) and TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ, C38H68N10O14, MW ~889.0 Da; parent protein Thymosin Beta-4, UniProt P62328). The blend has no identifier of its own — it is a pairing, not a single substance.

  1. Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
  2. Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
  3. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
  4. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  5. Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012;4(9):733-738. ↗
  6. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. ↗
  7. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  8. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
  9. Compiled dosage, pharmacokinetic, route, WADA, and human-data context for BPC-157 and TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 from the audited Wolverine compound corpus (research summaries of rodent dose-response, rat/dog PK, and Phase 1 full-length thymosin beta-4 studies). Research context only; not human dosing guidance. ↗
  10. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. (Category 2 entries for BPC-157 and 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500'; effective with the September 29, 2023 update to the nominated-substances list.) ↗
  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. (Definitions of Category 1 and Category 2, the 503A/503B framework, and the bulks-list nomination process.) ↗
  12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (guidance landing page; finalized January 2025). ↗
  13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. (Public calendar listing BPC-157 and TB-500 among bulk drug substances 'being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List'; a scheduled discussion, not a decision.) ↗